Characteristic response of plant when submerged


Plants show characteristic responses to submergence. When plants and soil are submerged by water, the air in the gaseous space in the soil is quickly replaced with water. Plant roots generally obtain oxygen from the gaseous space in the soil. Thus, when this space is filled with water, plant roots rapidly fall into oxygen deficiency, leading to the retardation of the absorption of water and nutrients, which then adversely affects the growth and development of the aboveground parts. Characteristic responses of plants when submerged are leaf epinasty (increased growth on the upper surface of a leaf, causing it to bend downward), thickening of the stem base and the development of adventitious roots. Although the ecological significance of leaf epinasty is not well known, thickening of the stem base and the development roots are considered to be adaptive responses of plants to water submergence. The thickening of the stem base is caused by the development of aerenchyma (air spaces in plants) in the stem, which helps the transport of oxygen from aboveground to underground parts. Adventitious roots play the role of dead or lowfunctioning roots damaged by water submergence. Hygrophytes are plants adapted to marshland, which is generally submerged in water. Most of them develop aerenchyma in the stem, which enables the efficient transport of air from aboveground to underground parts, in order to adapt their roots to anaerobic conditions.

Salt accumulation in the soil (soil salinity) adversely affects plants. Various salts accumulate in the soil and the most problematic ones are chlorine and sodium ions. For animals, both chlorine and sodium are indispensable for their lives, but for plants they are not prerequisite and over-absorption often induce toxic effects of these ions are one of the causes of plant damage by soil salinity. Halophytes, which are adapted to saline soils in the coast or dry area, can protect themselves from the toxic effects of chlorine and sodium ions absorbed in their bodies. The other cause of plant damage by soil salinity is the blockage of water absorption. When salts are accumulated in the soil, the water absorption of roots is retarded, even though sufficient water is in the soil.

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